有這麼一本Python的書: <>
我準備用.NET Core及第三方庫實現裡面所有的例子.
這是第一部分, 主要使用的是AngleSharp: https://anglesharp.github.io/
(文章的章節書與該書是對應的)
傳送Http請求
在python裡面這樣傳送http請求, 它使用的是python的標準庫urllib:
在.NET Core裡面, 你可以使用HttpClient, 相應的C#程式碼如下:
var client = new HttpClient(); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync("http://pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html"); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); var responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); return responseBody;
或者可以簡寫為:
var client = new HttpClient(); var responseBody = await client.GetStringAsync("http://pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html"); Console.WriteLine(responseBody);
其結果如下:
使用AngleSharp解析html原始碼
python裡面可以使用BeautifulSoup或者MechanicalSoup等庫對html原始碼進行解析.
而.NET Core可以使用AngleSharp, Html Agility Pack, DotnetSpider(國產, 也支援元素抽取).等庫來操作Html檔案.
這裡我先使用的是AngleSharp, AngleSharp的解析庫可以使用標準的W3C規範來解析HTML, MathML, XML, SVG和CSS. 它支援.NET Standard 1.0.
安裝AngleSharp
透過Nuget即可: https://www.nuget.org/packages/AngleSharp/
Install-Package AngleSharp
或者dotnet-cli:
dotnet add package AngleSharp
AngleSharp的一個簡單例子
下麵這個例子(1.2.2)是把頁面中h1元素的內容顯示出來.
書中Python的程式碼:
下麵是.NET Core的C#程式碼:
public static async Task ReadWithAngleSharpAsync() { var htmlSourceCode = await SendRequestWithHttpClientAsync(); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSourceCode); Console.WriteLine($"Serializing the (original) document: {document.QuerySelector("h1").OuterHtml}"); Console.WriteLine($"Serializing the (original) document: {document.QuerySelector("html > body > h1").OuterHtml}"); }
在這裡AngleSharp首先需要建立一個可以迴圈使用的HtmlParser(Html解析器), 然後使用解析器解析html原始碼即可: parser.Parse() 或者非同步版本 parser.ParseAsync().
解析傳回物件的型別是IHtmlDocument, 裡面是解析好的DOM. 其中DOM是和AngleSharp裡的類這樣對應的:
這個圖其實是老一點的版本, 新版本的DOM模型是稍微有點不同的, 不過你只要理解這個意思就行…
AngleSharp有很多特點, 但是最重要的特點就是它支援querySelector()和querySelectorAll()方法, 就像DOM的方法一樣.
上面這個例子裡, 其html的結構大致如下:
所以針對傳回的IHtmlDocument物件document, 我們使用document.QuerySelector(“h1”).OuterHtml, 就可以傳回h1的OuterHtml. 而使用document.QuerySelector(“html > body > h1”).OuterHtml 也是同樣的效果, 因為標準的CSS選擇器是都支援的.
QuerySelector()傳回的是一個/0個元素, 相當於Linq的FirstOrDefault().
其執行結果如下:
異常情況處理
傳送Http請求之後, 可能會發生錯誤, 例如網頁不存在(或者請求時出錯), 伺服器不存在等等.
針對這些情況, .NET Core程式會傳回HTTP錯誤, 可能是404也可能是500等. 但是所有的型別HttpClient都會丟擲HttpRequestException, 我們可以這樣處理這種異常:
public static async Task ResponseWithErrorsAsync() { try { var client = new HttpClient(); var responseBody = await client.GetStringAsync("http://notexistwebsite"); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine("\nException Caught!"); Console.WriteLine("Message :{0} ", e.Message); } }
但是即使網頁獲取成功了, 網頁上的內容也並非完全是我們所期待的, 仍可能會丟擲異常. 比如說你想要找的標簽不存在, 那麼就會傳回null, 然後再呼叫改標簽的屬性, 就會發生NullReferenceException.
所以這種情況可以捕獲NullReferenceException, 也可以使用程式碼判斷:
public static async Task ReadNonExistTagAsync() { var htmlSourceCode = await SendRequestWithHttpClientAsync(); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSourceCode); var nonExistTag = document.QuerySelector("h8"); Console.WriteLine(nonExistTag); Console.WriteLine($"nonExistTag is null: {nonExistTag is null}"); try { Console.WriteLine(nonExistTag.QuerySelector("p").OuterHtml); } catch (NullReferenceException) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine("Tag was not found"); } }
完整的例子:
public static async Task RunAllAsync() { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; async Task GetTileAsync(string uri) { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); try { var responseHtml = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(uri); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(responseHtml); var tagContent = document.QuerySelector("body > h8").TextContent; return tagContent; } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(HttpRequestException)}:"); Console.WriteLine("Message :{0} ", e.Message); return null; } catch (NullReferenceException) { Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(NullReferenceException)}:"); Console.WriteLine("Tag was not found"); return null; } } var title = await GetTileAsync("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html"); if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(title)) { Console.WriteLine("Title was not found"); } else { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green; Console.WriteLine(title); } }
首先我把請求Http傳回HTML程式碼的那部分封裝成了一個方法以便復用:
public static async Task GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(string uri) { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); try { var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(uri); return htmlSource; } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(HttpRequestException)}: {e.Message}"); return null; } }
CSS是網路爬蟲的福音, 下麵這兩個元素在頁面中可能會出現很多次:
我們可以使用AngleSharp裡面的QuerySelectorAll()方法把所有符合條件的元素都找出來, 傳回到一個結果集合裡.
public static async Task FindGreenClassAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var nameList = document.QuerySelectorAll("span > .green"); Console.WriteLine("Green names are:"); Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green; foreach (var item in nameList) { Console.WriteLine(item.TextContent); } } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } }
非常簡單, 和DOM的標準操作是一樣的.
如果只需要元素的文字部分, 那麼就是用其TextContent屬性即可.
再看個例子
1. 找出頁面中所有的h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6元素
2. 找出class為green或red的span元素.
public static async Task FindByAttributeAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var essay-headers = document.QuerySelectorAll("*") .Where(x => new[] { "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6" }.Contains(x.TagName.ToLower())); Console.WriteLine("Headers are:"); PrintItemsText(essay-headers); var greenAndRed = document.All .Where(x => x.TagName == "span" && (x.ClassList.Contains("green") || x.ClassList.Contains("red"))); Console.WriteLine("Green and Red spans are:"); PrintItemsText(greenAndRed); var thePrinces = document.QuerySelectorAll("*").Where(x => x.TextContent == "the prince"); Console.WriteLine(thePrinces.Count()); } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } void PrintItemsText(IEnumerable elements) { foreach (var item in elements) { Console.WriteLine(item.TextContent); } } }
這裡我們可以看到QuerySelectorAll()的傳回結果可以使用Linq的Where方法進行過濾, 這樣就很強大了.
TagName屬性就是元素的標簽名.
此外, 還有一個document.All, All屬性是該Document所有元素的集合, 它同樣也支援Linq.
(該方法中使用了一個本地方法).
由於同時支援CSS選擇器和Linq, 所以抽取元素的工作簡單多了.
導航樹
一個頁面, 它的結構可以是這樣的:
這裡面有幾個概念:
子標簽和後代標簽.
子標簽是父標簽的下一級, 而後代標簽則是指父標簽下麵所有級別的標簽.
tr是table的子標簽, tr, th, td, img都是table的後代標簽.
使用AngleSharp, 找出子標簽可以使用.Children屬性. 而找出後代標簽, 可以使用CSS選擇器.
兄弟標簽
找到前一個兄弟標簽使用.PreviousElementSibling屬性, 後一個兄弟標簽是.NextElementSibling屬性.
父標簽
.ParentElement屬性就是父標簽.
public static async Task FindDescendantAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var tableChildren = document.QuerySelector("table#giftList > tbody").Children; Console.WriteLine("Table's children are:"); foreach (var child in tableChildren) { System.Console.WriteLine(child.LocalName); } var descendants = document.QuerySelectorAll("table#giftList > tbody *"); Console.WriteLine("Table's descendants are:"); foreach (var item in descendants) { Console.WriteLine(item.LocalName); } var siblings = document.QuerySelectorAll("table#giftList > tbody > tr").Select(x => x.NextElementSibling); Console.WriteLine("Table's descendants are:"); foreach (var item in siblings) { Console.WriteLine(item?.LocalName); } var parentSibling = document.All.SingleOrDefault(x => x.HasAttribute("src") && x.GetAttribute("src") == "../img/gifts/img1.jpg") ?.ParentElement.PreviousElementSibling; if (parentSibling != null) { Console.WriteLine($"Parent's previous sibling is: {parentSibling.TextContent}"); } } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } }
結果:
使用正則運算式
“如果你有一個問題打算使用正則運算式來解決, 那麼現在你有兩個問題了”.
這裡有一個測試正則運算式的網站: https://www.regexpal.com/
目前, AngleSharp支援透過CSS選擇器來查詢元素, 也可以使用Linq來過濾元素, 當然也可以透過多種方式使用正則運算式進行更複雜的查詢動作.
關於正則運算式我就不介紹了. 直接看例子.
我想找到頁面中所有的滿足下列要求的圖片, 其src的值以../img/gifts/img開頭並且隨後跟著數字, 然後格式為.jpg的圖示.
public static async Task FindByRegexAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var images = document.QuerySelectorAll("img") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("src") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["src"].Value, @"\.\.\/img\/gifts/img.*\.jpg").Success); foreach (var item in images) { Console.WriteLine(item.Attributes["src"].Value); } var elementsWith2Attributes = document.All.Where(x => x.Attributes.Length == 2); foreach (var item in elementsWith2Attributes) { Console.WriteLine(item.LocalName); foreach (var attr in item.Attributes) { Console.WriteLine($"\t{attr.Name} - {attr.Value}"); } } } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } }
這個其實沒有任何難度.
但從本例可以看到, 判斷元素有沒有一個屬性可以使用HasAttribute(“xxx”)方法, 可以透過.Attributes索引來獲取屬性, 其屬性值就是.Attributes[“xxx”].Value.
如果不會正則運算式, 我相信多寫的Linq的過濾程式碼也差不多能達到要求.
遍歷單個域名
就是幾個應用的例子, 直接貼程式碼吧.
打印出一個頁面內所有的超連結地址:
public static async Task TraversingASingleDomainAsync() { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a"); foreach (var link in links) { Console.WriteLine(link.Attributes["href"]?.Value); } }
找出滿足下列條件的超連結:
- 在id為bodyContent的div裡
- url不包括分號
- url以/wiki開頭
public static async Task FindSpecificLinksAsync() { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelector("div#bodyContent").QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$").Success); foreach (var link in links) { Console.WriteLine(link.Attributes["href"]?.Value); } }
隨機找到頁面裡面一個連線, 然後遞迴呼叫自己的方法, 直到主動停止:
private static async Task> GetLinksAsync(string uri) { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync($"http://en.wikipedia.org{uri}"); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelector("div#bodyContent").QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$").Success); return links; } public static async Task GetRandomNestedLinksAsync() { var random = new Random(); var links = (await GetLinksAsync("/wiki/Kevin_Bacon")).ToList(); while (links.Any()) { var newArticle = links[random.Next(0, links.Count)].Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(newArticle); links = (await GetLinksAsync(newArticle)).ToList(); } }
採集整個網站
首先要瞭解幾個概念:
淺網 surface web: 是網際網路上搜索引擎可以直接抓取到的那部分網路.
與淺網對立的就是深網 deep web: 網際網路中90%都是深網.
暗網Darknet / dark web / dark internet: 它完全是另外一種怪獸. 它們也建立在已有的網路基礎上, 但是使用Tor客戶端, 帶有執行在HTTP之上的新協議, 提供了一個資訊交換的安全隧道. 這類網也可以採集, 但是超出了本書的範圍…..
深網相對暗網還是比較容易採集的.
採集整個網站的兩個好處:
- 生成網站地圖
- 收集資料
由於網站的規模和深度, 所以採集到的超連結很多可能是重覆的, 這時我們就需要連結去重, 可以使用Set型別的集合:
private static readonly HashSet LinkSet = new HashSet(); private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient(); private static readonly HtmlParser Parser = new HtmlParser(); public static async Task GetUniqueLinksAsync(string uri = "") { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync($"http://en.wikipedia.org{uri}"); var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)").Success); foreach (var link in links) { if (!LinkSet.Contains(link.Attributes["href"].Value)) { var newPage = link.Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(newPage); LinkSet.Add(newPage); await GetUniqueLinksAsync(newPage); } } }
(遞迴呼叫的深度需要註意一下, 不然有時候能崩潰).
收集整個網站資料
這個例子相對網站, 包括收集相關文字和異常處理等:
private static readonly HashSet LinkSet = new HashSet(); private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient(); private static readonly HtmlParser Parser = new HtmlParser(); public static async Task GetLinksWithInfoAsync(string uri = "") { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync($"http://en.wikipedia.org{uri}"); var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); try { var title = document.QuerySelector("h1").TextContent; Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green; Console.WriteLine(title); var contentElement = document.QuerySelector("#mw-content-text").QuerySelectorAll("p").FirstOrDefault(); if (contentElement != null) { Console.WriteLine(contentElement.TextContent); } var alink = document.QuerySelector("#ca-edit").QuerySelectorAll("span a").SingleOrDefault(x => x.HasAttribute("href"))?.Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(alink); } catch (NullReferenceException) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine("Cannot find the tag!"); } var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)").Success).ToList(); foreach (var link in links) { if (!LinkSet.Contains(link.Attributes["href"].Value)) { var newPage = link.Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(newPage); LinkSet.Add(newPage); await GetLinksWithInfoAsync(newPage); } } }
不知前方水深的例子
第一個例子, 尋找隨機外鏈:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net.Http; using System.Text.RegularExpressions; using System.Threading.Tasks; using AngleSharp.Parser.Html; namespace WebScrapingWithDotNetCore.Chapter03 { public class CrawlingAcrossInternet { private static readonly Random Random = new Random(); private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient(); private static readonly HashSet InternalLinks = new HashSet(); private static readonly HashSet ExternalLinks = new HashSet(); private static readonly HtmlParser Parser = new HtmlParser(); public static async Task FollowExternalOnlyAsync(string startingSite) { var externalLink = await GetRandomExternalLinkAsync(startingSite); if (externalLink != null) { Console.WriteLine($"External Links is: {externalLink}"); await FollowExternalOnlyAsync(externalLink); } else { Console.WriteLine("Random External link is null, Crawling terminated."); } } private static async Task GetRandomExternalLinkAsync(string startingPage) { try { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync(startingPage); var externalLinks = (await GetExternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, SplitAddress(startingPage)[0])).ToList(); if (externalLinks.Any()) { return externalLinks[Random.Next(0, externalLinks.Count)]; } var internalLinks = (await GetInternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, startingPage)).ToList(); if (internalLinks.Any()) { return await GetRandomExternalLinkAsync(internalLinks[Random.Next(0, internalLinks.Count)]); } return null; } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.WriteLine($"Error requesting: {e.Message}"); return null; } } private static string[] SplitAddress(string address) { var addressParts = address.Replace("http://", "").Replace("https://", "").Split("/"); return addressParts; } private static async Task> GetInternalLinksAsync(string htmlSource, string includeUrl) { var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, $@"^(/|.*{includeUrl})").Success) .Select(x => x.Attributes["href"].Value); foreach (var link in links) { if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(link) && !InternalLinks.Contains(link)) { InternalLinks.Add(link); } } return InternalLinks; } private static async Task> GetExternalLinksAsync(string htmlSource, string excludeUrl) { var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, $@"^(http|www)((?!{excludeUrl}).)*$").Success) .Select(x => x.Attributes["href"].Value); foreach (var link in links) { if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(link) && !ExternalLinks.Contains(link)) { ExternalLinks.Add(link); } } return ExternalLinks; } private static readonly HashSet AllExternalLinks = new HashSet(); private static readonly HashSet AllInternalLinks = new HashSet(); public static async Task GetAllExternalLinksAsync(string siteUrl) { try { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync(siteUrl); var internalLinks = await GetInternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, SplitAddress(siteUrl)[0]); var externalLinks = await GetExternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, SplitAddress(siteUrl)[0]); foreach (var link in externalLinks) { if (!AllExternalLinks.Contains(link)) { AllExternalLinks.Add(link); Console.WriteLine(link); } } foreach (var link in internalLinks) { if (!AllInternalLinks.Contains(link)) { Console.WriteLine($"The link is: {link}"); AllInternalLinks.Add(link); await GetAllExternalLinksAsync(link); } } } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.WriteLine(e); Console.WriteLine($"Request error: {e.Message}"); } } } }
程式有Bug, 您可以給解決下……
第一部分先到這….主要用的是AngleSharp. AngleSharp不止這些功能, 很強大的, 具體請看檔案.
由於該書下一部分使用的是Python的Scrapy, 所以下篇文章我也許應該使用DotNetSpider了, 這是一個國產的庫….
專案的程式碼在: https://github.com/solenovex/Web-Scraping-With-.NET-Core
朋友會在“發現-看一看”看到你“在看”的內容