用Python從零開始建立區塊鏈

pip install Flask==0.12.2 requests==2.18.4

class Blockchain(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.chain = []
        self.current_transactions = []
        
    def new_block(self):
        # Creates a new Block and adds it to the chain
        pass
    
    def new_transaction(self):
        # Adds a new transaction to the list of transactions
        pass
    
    @staticmethod
    def hash(block):
        # Hashes a Block
        pass

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        # Returns the last Block in the chain
        pass

block = {
    'index': 1,
    'timestamp': 1506057125.900785,
    'transactions': [
        {
            'sender': "8527147fe1f5426f9dd545de4b27ee00",
            'recipient': "a77f5cdfa2934df3954a5c7c7da5df1f",
            'amount': 5,
        }
    ],
    'proof': 324984774000,
    'previous_hash': "2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824"
}

class Blockchain(object):
    ...
    
    def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
        """
        生成新交易資訊，資訊將加入到下一個待挖的區塊中
        :param sender:  Address of the Sender
        :param recipient:  Address of the Recipient
        :param amount:  Amount
        :return:  The index of the Block that will hold this transaction
        """

        self.current_transactions.append({
            'sender': sender,
            'recipient': recipient,
            'amount': amount,
        })

        return self.last_block['index'] + 1

import hashlib
import json
from time import time

class Blockchain(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.current_transactions = []
        self.chain = []

        # Create the genesis block
        self.new_block(previous_hash=1, proof=100)

    def new_block(self, proof, previous_hash=None):
        """
        生成新塊
        :param proof:  The proof given by the Proof of Work algorithm
        :param previous_hash: (Optional)  Hash of previous Block
        :return:  New Block
        """

        block = {
            'index': len(self.chain) + 1,
            'timestamp': time(),
            'transactions': self.current_transactions,
            'proof': proof,
            'previous_hash': previous_hash or self.hash(self.chain[-1]),
        }

        # Reset the current list of transactions
        self.current_transactions = []

        self.chain.append(block)
        return block

    def new_transaction(self, sender, recipient, amount):
        """
        生成新交易資訊，資訊將加入到下一個待挖的區塊中
        :param sender:  Address of the Sender
        :param recipient:  Address of the Recipient
        :param amount:  Amount
        :return:  The index of the Block that will hold this transaction
        """
        self.current_transactions.append({
            'sender': sender,
            'recipient': recipient,
            'amount': amount,
        })

        return self.last_block['index'] + 1

    @property
    def last_block(self):
        return self.chain[-1]

    @staticmethod
    def hash(block):
        """
        生成塊的 SHA-256 hash值
        :param block:  Block
        :return: 
        """

        # We must make sure that the Dictionary is Ordered, or we'll have inconsistent hashes
        block_string = json.dumps(block, sort_keys=True).encode()
        return hashlib.sha256(block_string).hexdigest()

from hashlib import sha256
x = 5
y = 0  # y未知
while sha256(f'{x*y}'.encode()).hexdigest()[-1] != "0":
    y += 1
print(f'The solution is y = {y}')

hash(5 * 21) = 1253e9373e...5e3600155e860

import hashlib
import json
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4

class Blockchain(object):
    ...
        
    def proof_of_work(self, last_proof):
        """
        簡單的工作量證明:
         - 查詢一個 p' 使得 hash(pp') 以4個0開頭
         - p 是上一個塊的證明,  p' 是當前的證明
        :param last_proof: 
        :return: 
        """

        proof = 0
        while self.valid_proof(last_proof, proof) is False:
            proof += 1

        return proof

    @staticmethod
    def valid_proof(last_proof, proof):
        """
        驗證證明: 是否hash(last_proof, proof)以4個0開頭?
        :param last_proof:  Previous Proof
        :param proof:  Current Proof
        :return:  True if correct, False if not.
        """

        guess = f'{last_proof}{proof}'.encode()
        guess_hash = hashlib.sha256(guess).hexdigest()
        return guess_hash[:4] == "0000"

import hashlib
import json
from textwrap import dedent
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4

from flask import Flask

class Blockchain(object):
    ...

# Instantiate our Node
app = Flask(__name__)

# Generate a globally unique address for this node
node_identifier = str(uuid4()).replace('-', '')

# Instantiate the Blockchain
blockchain = Blockchain()

@app.route('/mine', methods=['GET'])
def mine():
    return "We'll mine a new Block"
  
@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST'])
def new_transaction():
    return "We'll add a new transaction"

@app.route('/chain', methods=['GET'])
def full_chain():
    response = {
        'chain': blockchain.chain,
        'length': len(blockchain.chain),
    }
    return jsonify(response), 200

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)
   

{
 "sender": "my address",
 "recipient": "someone else's address",
 "amount": 5
}

import hashlib
import json
from textwrap import dedent
from time import time
from uuid import uuid4

from flask import Flask, jsonify, request

...

@app.route('/transactions/new', methods=['POST'])
def new_transaction():
    values = request.get_json()

    # Check that the required fields are in the POST'ed data
    required = ['sender', 'recipient', 'amount']
    if not all(k in values for k in required):
        return 'Missing values', 400

    # Create a new Transaction
    index = blockchain.new_transaction(values['sender'], values['recipient'], values['amount'])

    response = {'message': f'Transaction will be added to Block {index}'}
    return jsonify(response), 201