作者 | Vivek Gite
譯者 | MjSeven ? ? ? 共計翻譯:21 篇 貢獻時間:67 天
Linux/Unix 系統管理員對伺服器的系統執行時間有一種奇怪的痴迷。這裡有一個關於這個主題的 xkcd 漫畫,一個好的系統管理員是一股不可阻擋的力量,他佇立在你家貓咪部落格的伺服器之前,對抗黑暗勢力。
Fig.01: Devotion to Duty https://xkcd.com/705/
我們可以使用 uptime
命令或 w 命令[1] 或 top
命令來判斷 Linux 系統運行了多久。我可以使用 tuptime
工具保留每次重新啟動的執行時間,以獲得系統執行時間的歷史和統計報告[2]。
這就像 uptime
命令一樣,但輸出結果更令人印象深刻。最近我發現了另一種稱為 uptimed
的工具,用於記錄關於機器的系統執行時間和統計資訊。讓我們看看如何使用 Linux 作業系統上的 uptimed
和 uprecords
來獲得執行時間的記錄統計資訊。
查詢系統執行時間非常簡單,只需在基於 Linux 的系統上鍵入以下命令即可:
$ uptime -p
up 2 weeks, 4 days, 7 hours, 28 minutes
要保留有關 uptime
的歷史統計資訊,請使用 tuptime[2] 或 uptimed
工具。
安裝 uptimed
安裝 uptimed
的最簡單的方式是透過你的軟體包管理器,比如 apt/apt-get/yum 這些你的 Linux 發行版的朋友。
在 Debian/Ubuntu Linux 上安裝 uptimed
鍵入以下 apt 命令[3]/apt-get 命令[4]:
$ sudo apt-get install uptimed
示例輸出:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
libuptimed0
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libuptimed0 uptimed
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 40.7 kB of archives.
After this operation, 228 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libuptimed0 amd64 1:0.3.17-4 [9,050 B]
Get:2 http://mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 uptimed amd64 1:0.3.17-4 [31.6 kB]
Fetched 40.7 kB in 0s (2,738 kB/s)
Preconfiguring packages ...
Selecting previously unselected package libuptimed0.
(Reading database ... 39163 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libuptimed0_1%3a0.3.17-4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libuptimed0 (1:0.3.17-4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package uptimed.
Preparing to unpack .../uptimed_1%3a0.3.17-4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking uptimed (1:0.3.17-4) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up libuptimed0 (1:0.3.17-4) ...
Setting up uptimed (1:0.3.17-4) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ...
在 CentOS/RHEL/Fedora/Oracle/Scientific Linux 上安裝 uptimed
首先 在 CentOS/RHEL 使用 EPEL 倉庫[5]:
$ sudo yum -y install epel-release
然後,鍵入以下 yum 命令[6]:
$ sudo yum install uptimed
示例輸出:
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: centos.excellmedia.net
* epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk
* extras: centos.excellmedia.net
* updates: centos.excellmedia.net
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package uptimed.x86_64 0:0.4.0-6.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===============================================================================
Installing:
uptimed x86_64 0.4.0-6.el7 epel 47 k
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 47 k
Installed size: 98 k
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 47 kB 00:01
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
uptimed.x86_64 0:0.4.0-6.el7
Complete!
如果你正在使用 Fedora Linux,執行以下 dnf
命令:
$ sudo dnf install uptimed
在 Arch Linux 上安裝 uptimed
鍵入以下 pacman
命令:
$ sudo pacman -S uptimed
在 Gentoo Linux 上安裝 uptimed
鍵入以下 emerge
命令:
$ sudo emerge --ask uptimed
如何配置 uptimed
使用文字編輯器編輯 /etc/uptimed.conf
檔案,例如 vim
命令:
$ sudo vim /etc/uptimed.conf
最少設定一個 email 地址來傳送記錄。假定有個相容 sendmail 的 MTA 安裝在 /usr/lib/sendmail
。
EMAIL=vivek@server1.cyberciti.biz
儲存並關閉檔案。
如何在系統啟動時啟動 uptimed 服務?
使用 systemctl
命令啟動 uptimed
服務:
$ sudo systemctl enable uptimed
我該如何 啟動/停止/重啟 或者檢視 uptimed 服務的狀態?
$ sudo systemctl start uptimed ## start it ##
$ sudo systemctl stop uptimed ## stop it ##
$ sudo systemctl restart uptimed ## restart it ##
$ sudo systemctl status uptimed ## view status ##
示例輸出:
● uptimed.service - uptime record daemon
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/uptimed.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2017-11-09 17:49:14 UTC; 18min ago
Main PID: 11137 (uptimed)
CGroup: /system.slice/uptimed.service
└─11137 /usr/sbin/uptimed -f
Nov 09 17:49:14 gfs04 systemd[1]: Started uptime record daemon.
如何檢視 uptime 記錄
只需鍵入以下命令即可檢視 uptimed(8)
程式的統計資訊:
$ uprecords
示例輸出:
Fig.02: uprecords in action
uprecords
有一些選項:
$ uprecords -?
示例輸出:
usage: uprecords [OPTION]...
-? this help
-a do not print ansi codes
-b sort by boottime
-B reverse sort by boottime
-k sort by sysinfo
-K reverse sort by sysinfo
-d print downtime seen before every uptimes instead of system
-c do not show current entry if not in top entries
-f run continously in a loop
-s do not print extra statistics
-w wide output (more than 80 cols per line)
-i INTERVAL use INTERVAL seconds for loop instead of 5, implies -f
-m COUNT show a maximum of top COUNT entries instead of 10
-M show next milestone
-v version information
結論
這是一個極好的小工具,可以顯示伺服器正常執行時間的記錄,以證明機器正常執行時間和你的業務連續性。在相關說明中,你可以看到官方的 XKCD 系統管理員 T恤[7] 因為漫畫被製作成襯衫,其中包括背面的新插圖。
Fig.03: Sysadmin XKCD shirt features the original comic on the front and a new illustration on the back.
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/see-records-statistics-about-a-linux-servers-uptime/
作者:Vivek Gite[9] 譯者:MjSeven 校對:wxy
本文由 LCTT 原創編譯,Linux中國 榮譽推出