(點選上方快速關註並設定為星標,一起學Python)
來源:RussellLuo
www.cnblogs.com/russellluo/p/3338616.html
- 一、概述
- 二、從demo_app開始
- 三、WSGI中的application
- 四、區分URL
- 五、重構
- 1、正則匹配URL
- 2、DRY
- 3、抽象出框架
- 六、參考
一、概述
在Python中,WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)定義了Web伺服器與Web應用(或Web框架)之間的標準介面。在WSGI的規範下,各種各樣的Web伺服器和Web框架都可以很好的互動。
由於WSGI的存在,用Python寫一個簡單的Web框架也變得非常容易。然而,同很多其他的強大軟體一樣,要實現一個功能豐富、健壯高效的Web框架並非易事;如果您打算這麼做,可能使用一個現成的Web框架(如 Django、Tornado、web.py 等)會是更合適的選擇。
本文嘗試寫一個類似web.py的Web框架。好吧,我承認我誇大其辭了:首先,web.py並不簡單;其次,本文只重點實現了 URL排程(URL dispatch)部分。
二、從demo_app開始
首先,作為一個初步體驗,我們可以藉助 wsgiref.simple_server 來搭建一個簡單無比(trivial)的Web應用:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, demo_app
httpd = make_server('', 8086, demo_app)
sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
# Respond to requests until process is killed
httpd.serve_forever()
執行指令碼:
$ python code.py
http://0.0.0.0:8086/
開啟瀏覽器,輸入http://0.0.0.0:8086/後可以看到:一行”Hello world!” 和 眾多環境變數值。
三、WSGI中的application
WSGI中規定:application是一個 可呼叫物件(callable object),它接受 environ 和 start_response 兩個引數,並傳回一個 字串迭代物件。
其中,可呼叫物件 包括 函式、方法、類 或者 具有__call__方法的 實體;environ 是一個字典物件,包括CGI風格的環境變數(CGI-style environment variables)和 WSGI必需的變數(WSGI-required variables);start_response 是一個可呼叫物件,它接受兩個 常規引數(status,response_essay-headers)和 一個 預設引數(exc_info);字串迭代物件 可以是 字串串列、生成器函式 或者 具有__iter__方法的可迭代實體。更多細節參考 Specification Details。
The Application/Framework Side 中給出了一個典型的application實現:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
def simple_app(environ, start_response):
"""Simplest possible application object"""
status = '200 OK'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
start_response(status, response_essay-headers)
return ['Hello world! ']
現在用simple_app來替換demo_app:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""code.py"""
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
from application import simple_app as app
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('', 8086, app)
sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
# Respond to requests until process is killed
httpd.serve_forever()
執行指令碼code.py後,訪問http://0.0.0.0:8086/就可以看到那行熟悉的句子:Hello world!
四、區分URL
倒騰了一陣子後,您會發現不管如何改變URL中的path部分,得到的響應都是一樣的。因為simple_app只識別host+port部分。
為了對URL中的path部分進行區分處理,需要修改application.py的實現。
首先,改用 類 來實現application:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
class my_app:
def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
def __iter__(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Hello world! "
然後,增加對URL中path部分的區分處理:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
class my_app:
def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
def __iter__(self):
path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
if path == "/":
return self.GET_index()
elif path == "/hello":
return self.GET_hello()
else:
return self.notfound()
def GET_index(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Welcome! "
def GET_hello(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Hello world! "
def notfound(self):
status = '404 Not Found'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Not Found "
修改code.py中的from application import simple_app as app,用my_app來替換simple_app後即可體驗效果。
五、重構
上面的程式碼雖然奏效,但是在編碼風格和靈活性方面有很多問題,下麵逐步對其進行重構。
1、正則匹配URL
消除URL硬編碼,增加URL排程的靈活性:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
import re ##########修改點
class my_app:
urls = (
("/", "index"),
("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
) ##########修改點
def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
def __iter__(self): ##########修改點
path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
for pattern, name in self.urls:
m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
if m:
# pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
args = m.groups()
funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
if hasattr(self, funcname):
func = getattr(self, funcname)
return func(*args)
return self.notfound()
def GET_index(self):
status = '200 OK'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Welcome! "
def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改點
status = '200 OK'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Hello %s! " % name
def notfound(self):
status = '404 Not Found'
response_essay-headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
self.start(status, response_essay-headers)
yield "Not Found "
2、DRY
消除GET_*方法中的重覆程式碼,並且允許它們傳回字串:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
import re
class my_app:
urls = (
("/", "index"),
("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
)
def __init__(self, environ, start_response): ##########修改點
self.environ = environ
self.start = start_response
self.status = '200 OK'
self._essay-headers = []
def __iter__(self): ##########修改點
result = self.delegate()
self.start(self.status, self._essay-headers)
# 將傳回值result(字串 或者 字串串列)轉換為迭代物件
if isinstance(result, basestring):
return iter([result])
else:
return iter(result)
def delegate(self): ##########修改點
path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
for pattern, name in self.urls:
m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
if m:
# pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
args = m.groups()
funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
if hasattr(self, funcname):
func = getattr(self, funcname)
return func(*args)
return self.notfound()
def essay-header(self, name, value): ##########修改點
self._essay-headers.append((name, value))
def GET_index(self): ##########修改點
self.essay-header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Welcome! "
def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改點
self.essay-header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Hello %s! " % name
def notfound(self): ##########修改點
self.status = '404 Not Found'
self.essay-header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Not Found "
3、抽象出框架
為了將類my_app抽象成一個獨立的框架,需要作出以下修改:
- 剝離出其中的具體處理細節:urls配置 和 GET_*方法(改成在多個類中實現相應的GET方法)
- 把方法essay-header實現為類方法(classmethod),以方便外部作為功能函式呼叫
- 改用 具有__call__方法的 實體 來實現application
修改後的application.py(最終版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""application.py"""
import re
class my_app:
"""my simple web framework"""
essay-headers = []
def __init__(self, urls=(), fvars={}):
self._urls = urls
self._fvars = fvars
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
self._status = '200 OK' # 預設狀態OK
del self.essay-headers[:] # 清空上一次的essay-headers
result = self._delegate(environ)
start_response(self._status, self.essay-headers)
# 將傳回值result(字串 或者 字串串列)轉換為迭代物件
if isinstance(result, basestring):
return iter([result])
else:
return iter(result)
def _delegate(self, environ):
path = environ['PATH_INFO']
method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
for pattern, name in self._urls:
m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
if m:
# pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
args = m.groups()
funcname = method.upper() # 方法名大寫(如GET、POST)
klass = self._fvars.get(name) # 根據字串名稱查詢類物件
if hasattr(klass, funcname):
func = getattr(klass, funcname)
return func(klass(), *args)
return self._notfound()
def _notfound(self):
self._status = '404 Not Found'
self.essay-header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Not Found "
@classmethod
def essay-header(cls, name, value):
cls.essay-headers.append((name, value))
對應修改後的code.py(最終版本):
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""code.py"""
from application import my_app
urls = (
("/", "index"),
("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
)
wsgiapp = my_app(urls, globals())
class index:
def GET(self):
my_app.essay-header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Welcome! "
class hello:
def GET(self, name):
my_app.essay-header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
return "Hello %s! " % name
if __name__ == '__main__':
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
httpd = make_server('', 8086, wsgiapp)
sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
# Respond to requests until process is killed
httpd.serve_forever()
當然,您還可以在code.py中配置更多的URL對映,並實現相應的類來對請求作出響應。
六、參考
本文主要參考了 How to write a web framework in Python(作者 anandology 是web.py程式碼的兩位維護者之一,另一位則是大名鼎鼎卻英年早逝的 Aaron Swartz),在此基礎上作了一些調整和修改,並摻雜了自己的一些想法。
如果您還覺得意猶未盡,Why so many Python web frameworks? 也是一篇很好的文章,也許它會讓您對Python中Web框架的敬畏之心蕩然無存:-)
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